Study Exploration on Table - Protocol Routing Driven for Manet
Author: Dharavath Bhadru, Dr. K. Venkatesh Sharma
Abstract
In MANET routing protocols are categorized into three types among Proactive routing protocols is one and it is also called table-driven routing protocol, it strives to sustain uniform, current routing report within every pair of connections in the network by disseminating, proactively, route updates at fixed time intervals. The proactive routing addresses intended for ad hoc networks determined from the conventional routing protocols. In the table driven protocol family, nodes manage one or more routing tables about nodes in the system. This routing protocol will renew and improve the routing table report either regularly or correspondingly following an acknowledgement to change in the network topology. So in this paper exploring all routing protocols of table-driven like DSDV, WRP, OLSR, and OSPF.
Antimicrobial Effect of Separate Extract of Acetone, Ethyl Acetate, Methanol and Aqueous from Leaf of Milkweed (Calotropis gigantea L.)
Author: M. Hemalatha, B. Arirudran, A. Thenmozhi, U. S. Mahadeva Rao
Abstract
Objective: The present communication attempts to study the antimicrobial activity of leaf of Calotropis gigantea L. Methods: The leaf is subjected to various extraction using acetone, ethyl acetate, methanol and aqueous solvents against different bacterial and fungal organisms using disc diffusion method. Result: The acetone, ethyl acetate, methanol and aqueous extracts were active against all the samples and showed significant antibacterial properties. The methanol, acetone, ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts exhibited less activity against fungal organisms. Conclusion: Thus it may be suggested that leaf extracts of Calotropis gigantea L. may be used to treat oral bacterial diseases.
Some Multifunctional Lipid Excipients and Their Pharmaceutical Applications
Author: Rajni Devi, Shweta Agarwal
Abstract
This review is generally focussed on lipid-based excipients in solid oral formulations which increase its bioavailability. Several approaches have been used to deliver the drug efficiently in the body, and lipid excipients are one of the promising drug delivery systems which address challenges like solubility and bioavailability of water-soluble drugs. Lipids excipients can be tailored to meet a wide range of product requirements like disease indication, route of administration, stability, toxicity, and efficacy. This review discusses novel lipids like Compritol 888 ATO, Dynasan 114, and Precirol ATO 5 and how these can be employed for devicing efficient drug delivery models and thereby have used in cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries.
A Review: Mechanistic Insights Into the Effect of Thyroid Disorders on Estrogen Level and Bone Mineral Density
Author: Minakshi Joshi, Shradha Bisht, Mamta F. Singh
Abstract
Thyroid hormone serves as an indispensable component for the optimum functioning of various biological systems. They curb body’s metabolism, regulates the estrogen level, regulates bone turnover, essential for skeletal development and mineralization. Within the scope of knowledge, it is intimately familiar that thyroid disorders have widespread systemic manifestations, among which in hypothyroidism, even though elevated TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) may reduce estrogen level which in turn stimulates osteoclasts and thus cause osteoporosis, while hyperthyroidism accelerates bone turnover. Hypothyroidism does not directly interfere with the skeletal integrity, but treatment with levothyroxine for the suppression of TSH to bring the hypothyroid patient to euthyroid state for a long haul; lead to simultaneous reduction in bone mass and in (bone mineral density) BMD. After the initial relevation of the correlation between thyroid disorders and osteoporosis in numerous studies have emphasized that both hypo and hyperthyroidism either directly or indirectly affects the bone mineral density or leads to the progression of osteoporosis. Therefore the present study is aimed and so designed to review all the possible associations between them and the impact of thyroid disorders on estrogen level and bone mineral density. The main findings of this review indicate that both excesses as well as deficiency of thyroid hormone can be potentially deleterious for bone tissue.