Development of Omega 3 Fatty ACID Enriched Stable Functional Foods: Challenges and Options
Authors: P. Anbudhasan, A. Surendraraj, S. Karkuzhali and D. Ramasamy
Abstract
The consumer interest in health-promoting foods is almost dramatically increasing because of the increased health consciousness of the modern people. Functional foods are fortified, enriched foods that contain specific health improving nutrients and prevent certain nutrition based disorders. Functional components are naturally present in certain foods (e.g. fruits, vegetables etc.,) and enrichment can be done in some cases to make it functional. Polyunsaturated omega 3 fatty acid (PUFA), a functional component present in fish such as sardine, salmon etc. and in flaxseed is generally recognized as being beneficial to the health. Omega-3 PUFAs are rich in double bonds and unsaturated in nature, this attribute makes them highly susceptible to lipid oxidation and unfit for incorporation into long shelf life foods. Hence, it is necessary to find out a suitable delivery mechanisms to develop omega 3 rich functional food products. Microencapsulation allows a bioactive compound to be trapped or encapsulated inside a tiny sphere known as microsphere or microcapsule and thus protecting the core compound. The present article paper provides a literature review of different microencapsulation techniques that can be possibly used for the encapsulation of omega 3 fatty acid for developing stable omega 3 rich food products.
Total Midgut Protein and Protease Activity During Different Stages of Multivoltine Breeds of Silkworm, Bombyx Mori L and Their Hybrids
Authors: J. Mahesha and G.V. Kalpana
Abstract
Protease enzyme varies in different silkworm breeds and also within a voltine group. In the present study, two multivoltine breeds viz., Madagascar (MAD) and NDV6 were utilized which are known for poor and high silk productivity respectively. The genetic phenomenon involved in the transfer of genes responsible for the production of enzyme from parents to their offspring was studied by estimating the enzyme activity in MAD x NDV6 (F1), its reciprocal, F2 and backcrosses. The findings of the study clearly indicate that the enzyme activity is maximum in NDV6 x MAD (RF1) rather than its F1 during 5th instar 5th day (peak eating period). The total gut protein was maximum in F1 during 3rd and 5th day of 5th instar larvae. The protease enzyme activity in parents, F1, F2, BC1 and BC2 along with reciprocal crosses followed by the expression of hybrid vigour over their respective parents are discussed.
Histological Study of Tongue in Male and Female Rattus Norvegicus
Authors: Farangis Ghassemi, Ghazale Cheshmi, Hossein Gargar Jahromi and Habib Allah Johari
Abstract
The Rattus norvegicus carry a number of pathogens and causes or carries disease in humans and domestic animal and crop pest The purpose of this study was to investigate the microscopic and macroscopic structure of the its tongue and its relation to diet. In present research, the tongue of 8 adult male and 8 female rats was dissected from the root. Macroscopic features of tongue as weight, length and wide were measured. Then, they were fixed in formalin (10%) and prepared by tissue processing. The sections (5 μ) were subjected to Haematoxylin and Eosin stain. Morphometric analyses were performed by light microscopy and progress capture soft ware. Results showed that the keratinized stratified squamous epithelium covered dorsal part of tongue especially on apex and the lingual torus was on the posterior third. The numerous filiform papillae as mechanical papillae and a few fungiform and one circumvallate papillae as gustatory papillae with varied in distribution were observed on dorsum of tongue. Lingual glands were found spatially on posterior of ventral surface. According to these results, the structures of tongue in both sexes are similar and show morphological adaptations for variety of diet.
Alteration in Pigmentation After Fluoride Exposure in Stinging Catfish, Heteropneustes Fossilis (Bloch)
Authors: Sandeep Bajpai and Madhu Tripathi
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to investigate the toxicological impact of fluoride (F-) on chromatophores in skin of fresh water fish, Heteropneustes fossilis after chronic exposure. The fish was exposed to two sublethal concentrations i.e. 38.60 mg F/L (low concentration) and 77.20 mg F/L (high concentration) for three months and the observations were recorded after 45 and 90 days. Marked change in colouration was observed in both the experimental groups as compared to control. There were distinguished melanophores in the pigment aggregation state or pigment dispersion state. On the basis of structure, melanophores were identified as reticulate, stellate and punctuate type. After chronic exposure to F-, several alterations were observed in chromatophores in comparison to control such as breaking of chromatophores as well as dendritic processes, change in structure and morphology, transformation of one type into another, increased distance between adjacent chromatophores, increase or decrease in number and finally complete loss of cellular entity. The observations were found to be concentration dependent, i.e. the changes were more severe in higher concentration in comparison to lower concentration exposed group.